Java Enum Misc

Enum Misc

  • All enums implicitely extends java.lang.Enum
  • Enum in Java are type-safe
  • You can specify values of enum constants at the creation time. Enum.values() returns an array of MyEnum’s values.
  • Enum constants are implicitly static and final and can not be changed once created.
  • Enum can be safely compare using:
    • Switch-Case Statement
    • == Operator
    • .equals() method
  • You can not create instance of enums by using new operator in Java because constructor of Enum in Java can only be private and Enums constants can only be created inside Enums itself.
  • Instance of Enum in Java is created when any Enum constants are first called or referenced in code.
  • An enum can be declared outside or inside a class, but NOT in a method.
  • An enum declared outside a class must NOT be marked static, final , abstract, protected , or private
  • Enums can contain constructors, methods, variables, and constant class bodies.
  • enum constructors can have arguments, and can be overloaded.
  • enum constructors can NEVER be invoked directly in code. They are always called automatically when an enum is initialized.
  • The semicolon at the end of an enum declaration is optional.

These are legal:

    enum Foo { ONE, TWO, THREE}
    enum Foo { ONE, TWO, THREE};

type safe

The advantage of this style of enumeration over the C/C++-style enum or constants is that they are type-safe, meaning that, for example, if you define a method

public void setSuit(Suit suit) { ... }

the caller cannot pass in a value that does not correspond to an enumeration value

Language level features

  • Since enumeration instances are all effectively singletons, they can be compared for equality using identity (“==”).
  • In Java 5.0, the enum keyword is introduced as a special type of class that always extends java.lang.Enum.
  • Note that the enumeration values are still static class members, though not declared as such.
  • Enum is implemented using Arrays and common operations result in constant time. So if you are thinking of an high-performance Map, EnumMap could be a decent choice for enumeration data. We have already seen many examples of Java enum in our article 10 Examples of enum in Java and using Enum as thread-safe Singleton. In this Java tutorial, we will see simple examples of using EnumMap in Java.
  • All keys used in EnumMap must be from same Enum type which is specified while creating EnumMap in Java. For example if you can not use different enum instances from two different enum.
  • EnumMap is ordered collection and they are maintained in the natural order of their keys( natural order of keys means the order on which enum constant are declared inside enum type ). you can verify this while Iterating over an EnumMap in Java.
  • Iterators of EnumMap are fail-fast Iterator , much like of ConcurrentHashMap and doesn’t throw ConcurrentModificationException and may not show effect of any modification on EnumMap during Iteration process.
  • You can not insert null keys inside EnumMap in Java. EnumMap doesn’t allow null key and throw NullPointerException, at same time null values are permitted.
  • EnumMap is not synchronized and it has to be synchronized manually before using it in a concurrent or multi-threaded environment. like synchronized Map in Java you can also make EnumMap synchronized by using Collections.synchronizedMap() method and as per javadoc this should be done while creating EnumMap in java to avoid accidental non synchronized access.
  • The constructor of enum in java must be private any other access modifier will result in compilation error. Now to get the value associated with each coin you can define a public getValue() method inside Java enum like any normal Java class. Also, the semicolon in the first line is optional.
public enum Currency {
        PENNY(1), NICKLE(5), DIME(10), QUARTER(25);
        private int value;

        private Currency(int value) {
                this.value = value;
        }
};  
  • Since constants defined inside Enum in Java are final you can safely compare them using “==”, the equality operator as shown in following example of Java Enum:
  • Java compiler automatically generates static values() method for every enum in java. Values() method returns array of Enum constants in the same order they have listed in Enum and you can use values() to iterate over values of Enum in Java as shown in below example. Notice the order is exactly the same as defined order in the Enum.
for(Currency coin: Currency.values()){
   System.out.println("coin: " + coin);
}
  • In Java, Enum can override methods also. Let’s see an example of overriding toString() method inside Enum in Java to provide a meaningful description for enums constants.
public enum Currency {
  ........
      
  @Override
  public String toString() {
       switch (this) {
         case PENNY:
              System.out.println("Penny: " + value);
              break;
         case NICKLE:
              System.out.println("Nickle: " + value);
              break;
         case DIME:
              System.out.println("Dime: " + value);
              break;
         case QUARTER:
              System.out.println("Quarter: " + value);
        }
  return super.toString();
 }
};        
  • EnumSet doesn’t have any public constructor instead it provides factory methods to create instance e.g. EnumSet.of() methods. This design allows EnumSet to internally choose between two different implementations depending upon the size of Enum constants.

If Enum has less than 64 constants than EnumSet uses RegularEnumSet class which internally uses a long variable to store those 64 Enum constants and if Enum has more keys than 64 then it uses JumboEnumSet. See my article the difference between RegularEnumSet and JumboEnumSet for more details.

  • An instance of Enum in Java is created when any Enum constants are first called or referenced in code.
  • Enum in Java can **implement the interface and override any method **like normal class It’s also worth noting that Enum in java implicitly implements both Serializable and Comparable interface. Let’s see and example of how to implement interface using Java Enum:
public enum Currency implements Runnable{
  PENNY(1), NICKLE(5), DIME(10), QUARTER(25);
  private int value;
  ............
        
  @Override
  public void run() {
  System.out.println("Enum in Java implement interfaces");
                
   }
}
  • You can define abstract methods inside Enum in Java and can also provide a different implementation for different instances of enum in java. Let’s see an example of using abstract method inside enum in java
 public enum Currency {
        PENNY(1) {
            @Override
            public String color() {
                return "copper";
            }
        },
        NICKLE(5) {
            @Override
            public String color() {
                return "bronze";
            }
        },
        DIME(10) {
            @Override
            public String color() {
                return "silver";
            }
        },
        QUARTER(25) {
            @Override
            public String color() {
                return "silver";
            }
        };
        private int value;

        public abstract String color();

        private Currency(int value) {
            this.value = value;
        }
 

}     

In this example since every coin will have the different color we made the color() method abstract and let each instance of Enum to define their own color. You can get color of any coin by just calling the color() method as shown in below example of Java Enum:

System.out.println(“Color: “ + Currency.DIME.color());

So that was the comprehensive list of properties, behavior and capabilities of Enumeration type in Java. I know, it’s not easy to remember all those powerful features and that’s why I have prepared this small Microsoft powerpoint slide containing all important properties of Enum in Java. You can always come back and check this slide to revise important features of Java Enum.

RegularEnumSet vs. JumboEnumSet

  • Since Enum always has fixed number of instances, data-structure which is used to store Enum can be optimized depending upon number of instances and that’s why we have two different implementation of EnumSet in Java. We will take a closer look on this concept in next paragraph.
  • How EnumSet is implemented in Java EnumSet is an abstract class and it provides two concrete implementations, java.util.RegularEnumSet and java.util.JumboEnumSet. Main difference between RegularEnumSet and JumboEnumSet is that former uses a long variable to store elements while later uses a long[] to store its element. Since RegularEnumSet uses long variable, which is a 64 bit data type, it can only hold that much of element. That’s why when an empty EnumSet is created using EnumSet.noneOf() method, it choose RegularEnumSet if key universe (number of enum instances in Key Enum) is less than or equal to 64 and JumboEnumSet if key universe is more than 64. Here is the code which does that :
public static <E extends Enum<E>> EnumSet<E> noneOf(Class<E> elementType) {   
        .. ............ 
        if (universe.length <= 64)
            return new RegularEnumSet<E>(elementType, universe);
        else
            return new JumboEnumSet<E>(elementType, universe);
    }
  1. EnumSet is not thread-safe, which means if it needs to be externally synchronized, when multiple thread access it and one of them modifies the Collection.
  2. EnumSet can not be used to store any other object except Enum, at the same time you can not store instances of two different Enum.
  3. EnumSet doesn’t allow Null elements.
  4. EnumSet Iterators are fail-safe in nature.

Difference between EnumMap vs HashMap

  • Internally EnumMap is represented using Array and provides constant time performance for common methods e.g. get() or put(). Now let’s see few differences between EnumMap vs HashMap :
  • As said earlier, first and foremost difference between EnumMap and HashMap is that EnumMap is optimized for enum keys while HashMap is a general purpose Map implementation similar to Hashtable. you can not use any type other than Enum as key in EnumMap but you can use both Enum and any other Object as key in HashMap.
  • Another difference between EnumMap and HashMap is performance. as discussed in the previous point, due to specialized optimization done for Enum keys, EnumMap is likely to perform better than HashMap when using enum as key object.
  • One more thing which can be considered as the difference between HashMap and EnumMap is the probability of Collision. Since Enum is internally maintained as array ** and they are **stored in their natural order using ordinal(), as shown in following code which is taken from put() method of EnumMap. Since EnumMap doesn’t call hashCode method on keys, there is no chance of collision.
int index = ((Enum)key).ordinal();
    Object oldValue = vals[index];
    vals[index] = maskNull(value);
  • you can use both == and equals() method to compare Enum, they will produce same result because equals() method of Java.lang.Enum internally uses == to compare enum in Java. Since every Enum in Java implicitly extends java.lang.Enum ,and since equals() method is declared final, there is no chance of overriding equals method in user defined enum
  • But there are still some slight difference, because == (equality operator) being operator and equals() being method. – Using == for comparing Enum can prevent NullPointerException – == method provides type safety during compile time

  • A fail-fast system is nothing but immediately report any failure that is likely to lead to failure. When a problem occurs, a fail-fast system fails immediately. In Java, we can find this behavior with iterators. Incase, you have called iterator on a collection object, and another thread tries to modify the collection object, then concurrent modification exception will be thrown. This is called fail-fast. - See more at:

Real world Examples of Enum in Java

  1. Enum as Thread Safe Singleton
  2. Strategy Pattern using Enum. to implement the Strategy interface and define individual strategy
  3. Enum as replacement of Enum String or int pattern. There is now no need to use String or integer constant to represent fixed set of things e.g. status of object like ON and OFF for a button or START, IN PROGRESS and DONE for a Task. Enum is much better suited for those needs as it provide compile time type safety and better debugging assistent than String or Integer.
  4. Enum as State Machine
  5. Enum Java valueOf example. “You could also include valueOf() method of enum in java which is added by compiler in any enum along with values() method. Enum valueOf() is a static method which takes a string argument and can be used to convert a String into an enum. One think though you would like to keep in mind is that valueOf(String) method of enum will throw “Exception in thread “main” java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: No enum const class” if you supply any string other than enum values.

Reverse lookup

Often in your object model it is common to have data that is naturally “associated” with an enumeration. Since an enum is a class, it is easy to represent this associated information as class fields. Often it is desirable to “lookup” the associated enumeration using the field value. This is easy to do using a static java.util.Map. Take, for example, a Status enum that has an associated status code.

public enum Status
{
     WAITING(0),
     READY(1),
     SKIPPED(-1),
     COMPLETED(5);

     private static final Map<Integer,Status> lookup
          = new HashMap<Integer,Status>();

     static {
          for(Status s : EnumSet.allOf(Status.class))
               lookup.put(s.getCode(), s);
     }

     private int code;

     private Status(int code) {
          this.code = code;
     }

     public int getCode() { return code; }

     public static Status get(int code) {
          return lookup.get(code);
     }
}

Sleek EnumMap

Why would I use an EnumMap rather than a HashMap? The primary reasons boil down to some inherent advantages of Java’s enum as stated in the Javadoc documentation for EnumMap: “Enum maps are represented internally as arrays. This representation is extremely compact and efficient.” Later in the same Javadoc documentation, there is an “Implementation Note” that states: “All basic operations execute in constant time. They are likely (though not guaranteed) to be faster than their HashMap counterparts.”

The Javadoc documentation states similar advantages for the EnumSet over the HashSet:

Enum sets are represented internally as bit vectors. This representation is extremely compact and efficient. The space and time performance of this class should be good enough to allow its use as a high-quality, typesafe alternative to traditional int-based ‘bit flags.’ … Implementation note: All basic operations execute in constant time. They are likely (though not guaranteed) to be much faster than their HashSet counterparts. Even bulk operations execute in constant time if their argument is also an enum set.

Reference

  • http://crunchify.com/why-and-for-what-should-i-use-enum-java-enum-examples/
  • http://www.ajaxonomy.com/2007/java/making-the-most-of-java-50-enum-tricks
  • http://www.javaworld.com/article/2073430/the-sleek-enummap-and-enumset.html
  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2011/08/enum-in-java-example-tutorial.html#ixzz4W6bC2mUV
  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.in/2011/08/enum-in-java-example-tutorial.html
  • http://www.java67.com/2013/11/difference-between-regularenumset-and-jumboenumset-java.html#ixzz4WANO22q5
  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2011/08/enum-in-java-example-tutorial.html#ixzz4WAP43bUB
  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2012/09/difference-between-enummap-and-hashmap-in-java-vs.html#ixzz4WAQcrjkC
  • http://javarevisited.blogspot.com/2013/04/how-to-compare-two-enum-in-java-equals.html#ixzz4WARs9slQ

2021

How to user fire extinguisher

Summary As you know, staff and your safety is paramount. So what if emergency take place, such as fire in office, how to help yourself and your colleagues by...

Deep dive into Kubernetes Client API

Summary To talk to K8s for getting data, there are few approaches. While K8s’ official Java library is the most widely used one. This blog will look into thi...

Whitelabel Error Page

Summary Whitelabel Error Page is the default error page in Spring Boot web app. It provide a more user-friently error page whenever there are any issues when...

Google maps no photos reviews

Summary I found a weird problem of the app Google Maps of my Oppo Android phone. That’s when you search a place in Google map, say “Central Park”, ideally th...

Debts in a nutshell

A debt security represents a debt owed by the issuer to an investor. Here, the investor acts as a lender to the issuer which may be a government, organisatio...

Back to Top ↑

2020

Debug Stuck IntelliJ

What happened to a debug job hanging in IntelliJ (IDEAS) IDE? You may find when you try to debug a class in Intellij but it stuck there and never proceed, e....

Awesome Kotlin

Difference with Scala Kotlin takes the best of Java and Scala, the response times are similar as working with Java natively, which is a considerable advantag...

JVM热身

此文是作者英文原文的翻译文章,英文原文在:http://todzhang.com/posts/2018-06-10-jvm-warm-up/

Mock in kotlin

Argument Matching & Answers For example, you have mocked DOC with call(arg: Int): Intfunction. You want to return 1 if argument is greater than 5 and -1 ...

Curl

Linux Curl command

AOP

The concept of join points as matched by pointcut expressions is central to AOP, and Spring uses the AspectJ pointcut expression language by default.

Micrometer notes

As a general rule it should be possible to use the name as a pivot. Dimensions allow a particular named metric to be sliced to drill down and reason about th...

Awesome SSL certificates and HTTPS

What’s TLS TLS (Transport Layer Security) and its predecessor, SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), are security protocols designed to secure the communication betwee...

JVM warm up by Escape Analysis

Why JVM need warm up I don’t know how and why you get to this blog. But I know the key words in your mind are “warm” for JVM. As the name “warm up” suggested...

Java Concurrent

This blog is about noteworthy pivot points about Java Concurrent Framework Back to Java old days there were wait()/notify() which is error prone, while fr...

Back to Top ↑

2019

Conversations with God

Feelings is the language of the soul. If you want to know what’s true for you about something, look to how your’re feeling about.

Kafka In Spring

Enable Kafka listener annotated endpoints that are created under the covers by a AbstractListenerContainerFactory. To be used on Configuration classes as fol...

Mifid

FX Spot is not covered by the regulation, as it is not considered to be a financial instrument by ESMA, the European Union (EU) regulator. As FX is considere...

Foreign Exchange

currency pairs Direct ccy: means USD is part of currency pair Cross ccy: means ccy wihtout USD, so except NDF, the deal will be split to legs, both with...

Back to Top ↑

2018

Guice

A new type of Juice Put simply, Guice alleviates the need for factories and the use of new in your Java code. Think of Guice’s @Inject as the new new. You wi...

YAML

Key points All YAML files (regardless of their association with Ansible or not) can optionally begin with — and end with …. This is part of the YAML format a...

Sudo in a Nutshell

Sudo in a Nutshell Sudo (su “do”) allows a system administrator to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root...

Zoo-keeper

ZK Motto the motto “ZooKeeper: Because Coordinating Distributed Systems is a Zoo.”

Cucumber

Acceptance testing vs unit test It’s sometimes said that unit tests ensure you build the thing right, whereas acceptance tests ensure you build the right thi...

akka framework of scala

philosophy The actor model adopts the philosophy that everything is an actor. This is similar to the everything is an object philosophy used by some object-o...

Apache Camel

Camel’s message model In Camel, there are two abstractions for modeling messages, both of which we’ll cover in this section. org.apache.camel.Message—The ...

JXM

Exporting your beans to JMX The core class in Spring’s JMX framework is the MBeanExporter. This class is responsible for taking your Spring beans and registe...

Solace MQ

Solace PubSub+ It is a message broker that lets you establish event-driven interactions between applications and microservices across hybrid cloud environmen...

Core Java

Annotation retention policy What is Retention policy in java annotations?

Apigee

App deployment, configuration management and orchestration - all from one system. Ansible is powerful IT automation that you can learn quickly.

Ansible

Ansible: What Is It Good For? Ansible is often described as a configuration management tool, and is typically mentioned in the same breath as Chef, Puppet, a...

flexbox

How Flexbox works — explained with big, colorful, animated gifs

KDB

KDB However kdb+ evaluates expressions right-to-left. There are no precedence rules. The reason commonly given for this behaviour is that it is a much simple...

Agile and SCRUM

Key concept In Scrum, a team is cross functional, meaning everyone is needed to take a feature from idea to implementation.

Strategy-Of-Openshift-Releases

Release & Testing Strategy There are various methods for safely releasing changes to Production. Each team must select what is appropriate for their own ...

NodeJs Notes

commands to read files var lineReader = require(‘readline’).createInterface({ input: require(‘fs’).createReadStream(‘C:\dev\node\input\git_reset_files.tx...

CORS :Cross-Origin Resource Sharing

Cross-Origin Request Sharing - CORS (A.K.A. Cross-Domain AJAX request) is an issue that most web developers might encounter, according to Same-Origin-Policy,...

ngrx

Why @Effects? In a simple ngrx/store project without ngrx/effects there is really no good place to put your async calls. Suppose a user clicks on a button or...

iOS programming

View A view is also a responder (UIView is a subclass of UIResponder). This means that a view is subject to user interactions, such as taps and swipes. Thus,...

Back to Top ↑

2017

cloud computering

openshift vs openstack The shoft and direct answer is `OpenShift Origin can run on top of OpenStack. They are complementary projects that work well together....

cloud computering

Concepts Cloud computing is the on-demand demand delivery of compute database storage applications and other IT resources through a cloud services platform v...

Redux

whats @Effects You can almost think of your Effects as special kinds of reducer functions that are meant to be a place for you to put your async calls in suc...

reactive programing

The second advantage to a lazy subscription is that the observable doesn’t hold onto data by default. In the previous example, each event generated by the in...

Container

The Docker project was responsible for popularizing container development in Linux systems. The original project defined a command and service (both named do...

promise vs observiable

The drawback of using Promises is that they’re unable to handle data sources that produce more than one value, like mouse movements or sequences of bytes in ...

TypeScript noteworthy notes

Async Await keywords Async Await Support in TypeScript Async - Await has been supported by TypeScript since version 1.7. Asynchronous functions are prefixed ...

JDK source

interface RandomAccess Marker interface used by List implementations to indicate that they support fast (generally constant time) random access. The primary ...

SSH SFTP

Secure FTP SFTP over FTP is the equivalant of HTTPS over HTTP, the security version

AWS Tips

After establishing a SSH session, you can install a default web server by executing sudo yum install httpd -y. To start the web server, type sudo service htt...

Oracle

ORA-12899: Value Too Large for Column

Java Security Notes

Java Security well-behaved: programs should be prevent from consuming too much system resources

R Language

s<-read.csv("C:/Users/xxx/dev/R/IRS/SHH_SCHISHG.csv") # aggregate s2<-table(s$Original.CP) s3<-as.data.frame(s2) # extract by Frequency ordered s3...

SSH and Cryptography

SFTP versus FTPS SS: Secure Shell An increasing number of our customers are looking to move away from standard FTP for transferring data, so we are ofte...

Eclipse notes

How do I remove a plug-in? Run Help > About Eclipse > Installation Details, select the software you no longer want and click Uninstall. (On Macintosh i...

Maven-Notes

Maven philosophy “It is important to note that in the pom.xml file you specify the what and not the how. The pom.xml file can also serve as a documentatio...

Java New IO

Notes JDK 1.0 introduced rudimentary I/O facilities for accessing the file system (to create a directory, remove a file, or perform another task), accessi...

IT-Architect

SOA SOA is a set of design principles for building a suite of interoperable, flexible and reusable services based architecture. top-down and bottom-up a...

Algorithm

This page is about key points about Algorithm

Java-Tricky-Tech-Questions.md

What is the difference between Serializable and Externalizable in Java? In earlier version of Java, reflection was very slow, and so serializaing large ob...

Compare-In-Java

Concepts If you implement Comparable interface and override compareTo() method it must be consistent with equals() method i.e. for equal object by equals(...

Java Collections Misc

Difference between equals and deepEquals of Arrays in Java Arrays.equals() method does not compare recursively if an array contains another array on oth...

HashMap in JDK

Hashmap in JDK Some note worth points about hashmap Lookup process Step# 1: Quickly determine the bucket number in which this element may resid...

Java 8 Tips

This blog is listing key new features introduced in Java 8

IntelliJ Tips

Shortcuts Expand/collapse method body in code editor Cmd + +/- to expand and collapse a method body Show java doc Ctrl+J: To show JavaDoc

Back to Top ↑

2016

Java GC notes

verbose:gc verbose:gc prints right after each gc collection and prints details about each generation memory details. Here is blog on how to read verbose gc

Hash Code Misc

contract of hashCode : Whenever it is invoked on the same object more than once during an execution of a Java application, the hashCode method must consis...

Angulary Misc

Dependency Injection Angular doesn’t automatically know how you want to create instances of your services or the injector to create your service. You must co...

Java new features

JDK Versions JDK 1.5 in 2005 JDK 1.6 in 2006 JDK 1.7 in 2011 JDK 1.8 in 2014 Sun之前风光无限,但是在2010年1月27号被Oracle收购。 在被Oracle收购后对外承诺要回到每2年一个realse的节奏。但是20...

Simpler chronicle of CI(Continuous Integration) “乱弹系列”之持续集成工具

引言 有句话说有人的地方就有江湖,同样,有江湖的地方就有恩怨。在软件行业历史长河(虽然相对于其他行业来说,软件行业的历史实在太短了,但是确是充满了智慧的碰撞也是十分的精彩)中有一些恩怨情愁,分分合合的小故事,比如类似的有,从一套代码发展出来后面由于合同到期就分道扬镳,然后各自发展成独门产品的Sybase DB和微...

浅谈软件单元测试中的“断言” (assert),从石器时代进步到黄金时代。

大家都知道,在软件测试特别是在单元测试时,必用的一个功能就是“断言”(Assert),可能有些人觉得不就一个Assert语句,没啥花头,也有很多人用起来也是懵懵懂懂,认为只要是Assert开头的方法,拿过来就用。一个偶然的机会跟人聊到此功能,觉得还是有必要在此整理一下如何使用以及对“断言”的理解。希望可以帮助大家...

Kubernetes 与 Docker Swarm的对比

Kubernetes 和Docker Swarm 可能是使用最广泛的工具,用于在集群环境中部署容器。但是这两个工具还是有很大的差别。

Mac tips

how to show full path in Finder window Open and run following command in terminal window defaults write com.apple.finder _FXShowPosixPathInTitle -bool true; ...

http methods

RFC origion http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec9.html#sec9.1.2)

Spark-vs-Storm

The stark difference among Spark and Storm. Although both are claimed to process the streaming data in real time. But Spark processes it as micro-batches; wh...

微服务

可以想像一下,之前的传统应用系统,像是一个大办公室里面,有各个部门,销售部,采购部,财务部。办一件事情效率比较高。但是也有一些弊端,首先,各部门都在一个房间里。

kibana, view layer of elasticsearch

What’s Kibana kibana is an open source data visualization plugin for Elasticsearch. It provides visualization capabilities on top of the content indexed on...

kibana, view layer of elasticsearch

What’s Kibana kibana is an open source data visualization plugin for Elasticsearch. It provides visualization capabilities on top of the content indexed on...

iConnect

UI HTML5, AngularJS, BootStrap, REST API, JSON Backend Hadoop core (HDFS), Hive, HBase, MapReduce, Oozie, Pig, Solr

Data Structure

Binary Tree A binary tree is a tree in which no node can have more than two children. A property of a binary tree that is sometimes important is that th...

Something about authentication

It’s annoying to keep on repeating typing same login and password when you access multiple systems within office or for systems in external Internet. There a...

SQL

Differences between not in, not exists , and left join with null

Github page commands notes

404 error for customized domain (such as godday) 404 There is not a GitHub Pages site here. Go to github master branch for gitpages site, manually add CN...

RenMinBi International

RQFII RQFII stands for Renminbi Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor. RQFII was introduced in 2011 to allow qualified foreign institutional investors to ...

Linux Tips

Get permission denied error when sudo su (or hyphen in sudo command) bash: /home/YOURNAME/.bashrc: Permission denied That’s because you didn’t add “-“ hyphen...

Load Balancing

Concepts LVS means Linux Virtual Server, which is one Linux built-in component.

Python

(‘—–Unexpected error:’, <type ‘exceptions.TypeError’>) datetime.datetime.now()

Microservices vs. SOA

Microservice Services are organized around capabilities, e.g., user interface front-end, recommendation, logistics, billing, etc. Services are small in ...

Java Class Loader

Codecache The maximum size of the code cache is set via the -XX:ReservedCodeCacheSize=N flag (where N is the default just mentioned for the particular com...

Back to Top ↑

2007

Back to Top ↑